britishhistory

= **// 1 Scan the following texts about the most famous British royal dinasties. //** = = **// 2 //****// Translate the words given in brackets from Russian into English and type your variant next to the word's number. //** = = **// 3 Create your own Wiki and place the edited text on it. //** =  ** Don't forget to click the button "Save" to save your results. **    **// THE ROYAL SUCCESSION IN THE 15th -EARLY 18th CENTURIES //** ** 1 //THE TUDORS// **

 Henry Tudor, heir to the Lancastrian line, became Henry **VII (1485-1509)**, the first of the Tudor 1 (монархов). To secure his hold on the 2 (троне) and ensure the 3 (преемственность), he married Edward IV's daughter Elizabeth of York. Henry involved himself in the day-to-day details of 4 (управления), radically improved 5 (королевские доходы) by promoting trade and imposing new 6 (налоги). Henry avoided foreign wars, and made peace 7 (соглашения) with Spain, France, Scotland.  He married his eldest son Arthur to Catherine of Aragon, a Spanish princess, and his daugh­ter Margaret to James IV of Scotland.  When Arthur died Catherine married his brother Henry, later **Henry VIII (1509-1547).** Henry VIII needed a son to secure the succession, but only his daughter Mary had survived 8 (младенчество).  He wanted to divorce Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn.  Royal marriages could sometimes be ended for political reasons, but only with Pope’s 9 (согласия).  However, the Pope 10 (отказался) to grant the divorce. To get what he wanted Henry decided to take control of the Church in England. He married Anne in 1533 and their daughter Elizabeth was born later that year. In 1534 Parliament passed the Act which 11 (провозгласил) Henry the Supreme Head of the English Church, Henry VIII had six wives: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard and Catherine Parr. His 12(царствование) was marked by foreign wars and by religious13 (потрясениями). The Pope 14 (отлучил от церкви)Henry for heresy. Meanwhile in mainland Europe reformers known as Protestants 15 (отвергали) many of the teach­ings of the Roman Catholic Church. However, although Henry denied the Pope's 16 (власть), he did not accept Protestant doctrines. Between 1536 and 1539 Henry closed all the 17 (женские монастыри)and mon­asteries on the pretext that they were corrupt or not economically viable. Most of them were sold and many were 18 ( разрушены). **Edward VI (1547-1553**), Henry's son by Jane Seymour, be­came king when he was nine years old. He was too small to be able to rule, and his relatives performed this function instead of him. In a few years he died, and Mary Tudor 19 ( захватила власть). ** Mary Tudor (1553-1558) ** immediately 20 (восстановила)Catholi­cism and to ensure her position she married Philip II of Spain. Mary fought Protestants - those who refused to accept Catholi­cism were 21 (сожжены) as heretics. Mary Tudor died childless, and was succeeded by her 25-year-old half-sister Elizabeth. ** Elizabeth I (1558-1603) ** 22 (преследовала)successful policies at home and abroad. She improved the economy of the country, she dealt with social problems caused by unemployment. The arts 23 (процветали)in England during Elizabeth's reign.

**// 2. THE STUARTS //**  During the 1 (царствования) of the first two Stuart kings//),// **James I (1603-1625)** and his son, **Charles I (1625-1649),**  there was growing 2 (вражда) between the king and Parliament, which finally ended in civil war.   Parlia­ment was becoming increasingly dominated by groups of extreme Protestants known as 3 (Пуритане).   They wanted to 4 (обьявить вне закона) Catholi­cism and radically reform the Anglican Church, or even to 5 (упразнить) it.  Parliament was reluctant to grant extra funds without receiving more influence over foreign and religious policy.  So for long peri­ods of time both James and Charles 6 (правили) without Parliament. <span style="background: white; display: block; margin: 0cm -7.15pt 0pt 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 467.8pt; text-align: justify;"> Strong opposition between the kings and the Parliamentarians on many foreign policy 7 (вопросы) home financial problems and <span style="background: white; display: block; margin: 0cm -7.15pt 0pt 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 467.8pt; text-align: justify;"> religious beliefs led to 8 (вооруженные конфликты) and resulted in the Civil War. The Parliamentarians (known as Roundheads) had the support of London and other important ports, which helped finance their military campaigns. They set up a disciplined army, trained by one of their leaders, Oliver Cromwell. They also had the support of Scotland by promising to establish Presbyterianism //(a form of Protestantism, the official church of Scotland)// in England, Wales and Ireland. After many battles the Royalists (known as Cavaliers) were finally defeated at the Battle of Naseby in 1645, and Charles was executed in 1649. In 1649 a republic, known as the Commonwealth was set up in England. The Commons and a council of state, led by Oliver Crom­well, were to rule it. Due to many political reasons there was 9 (напряженное состояние) between the groups in power, so Cromwell finally 10(распустил) Parliament and made himself ruler, under the title of Lord Protec­tor, for which he was strongly criticized by his 11 ( противники ). He died in 1658, and his son succeeded him. Being an ineffective 12 (правитель), the latter was 13 (свергнут) by the army, and in 1660 Parliament 14 (возрождать) the monarchy (though limiting the king's powers) by inviting Charles’s son Charles I back to England. In 1665 Bubonic plague broke out in England, killing 68,000 peo­ple in London alone. A year later much of the city was destroyed by a fire which raged for four days. From 1668 Charles ruled with a 15 (совет) of five men, known as the Cabal. It broke up in 1672 and two of its members led a group of MPs against the king's policies. They became known as the Country Party. The king's 16 (сторонники) were called the Court Party. By 1681 both had acquired nicknames - the Country Party be­came known as Whigs //{the term originally meant 'Scottish horse thieves')// and the Court Party were called Tories //(the word was originally slang for 'Irish robbers': many members of the Court Party were Anglo-Irish landowners).// Since the document //'Magna Charta'// was signed by King John in 1215, it was very often broken, and Parliament had to 17 (подтверждать) it time after time. In 1679, in the reign of Charles II, a new charter was passed. It was called the //Habeas Corpus Act,// from the first two words in it, for, like the Magna Charta, it is in Latin. Habeas Corpus here means: 'Take the body', i.e., the prisoner. Habeas Corpus made it illegal to keep anyone in prison without a trial, it decided that every prisoner should have as quick and fair trial as possible.  As Charles had no 18 (законнорождённый) children, his brother James was 19 (наследник) to the throne. **James II (1685-1689)** was Catholic, but his daughters Mary and Ann were both Protestant. When James mar­ried a Catholic and in 1688 had a son, thus ensuring a Catholic 20 (преемственность), his daughter Mary and her husband William of Or­ange, at the request of some leading MPs, invaded England and James fled to France. This bloodless English Revolution in which James II lost his throne is known as the Glorious Revolution. In 1689 William and Mary were made joint sovereigns - **Will­iam III (1689-1702)** and **Mary II (1689-1694).** The driving force of the reign was the need to create and maintain a coalition against the vast power of France where James II 21 (получил убежище). Before they were crowned they had to make a 22 (торжественный) decla­ration of the rights of Parliament. Through an Act of Parliament their declaration became the law of the land, and is known as the //Bill of Rights.// This Charter gave to Parliament the right 23 (устанавливать) the succession to the throne; absolute power over the 24 (армия и военный флот), the sole right 25 (увеличивать налоговые ставки). In a word, it turned England into an absolutely constitutional monarchy. From 1689, England has been governed, not by the kings or queens, but by Parliament and by the Ministry. The ministers, since then, are no longer chosen by the 26 (монархом) but by the political party which has a majority of seats in the House of Commons. This is called Party Government. William continued to reign in his own right after Mary died of 27 (оспа). William put down Jacobite 28 (восстания) (//Jacobites -// supporters of James II; the word comes from //Jacobus,// the Latin form of the name James) in Ireland and Scotland. He became unpopular in England for raising taxes and for giving government posts to foreigners. William and Mary left no children and the throne passed to Mary's sister, Anne. **Queen Anne's (1702-1714)** reign was marked with the war with Spain and the union with Scotland in­cluding the participation of the Scottish MPs in the work of the English Parliament. They sat now at Westminster, though the Scots had their own legal system and Presbyterian Church. (//Presbyterianism - a form of Protestantism based on the ideas of John Calvin, a 16th century Church reformer. There are no compul­sory rites, rituals or other forms of worship).// Anne was a resolutely ordinary woman who was a devoted supporter of the Church of England and the Tory party. Anne was married to Prince George of Denmark, with whom she had 17 children, all of whom died in infancy or early childhood, and in 1701 her Protestant cousin, Sophia of Hanover, was declared her heir. But Sophia died in 1714, and her son George became next in line to the throne and gave the new family name to a number of his successors - **the family, or the 'House', of Hanover** powers by inviting Charles's son, **Charles II (1660-1685)** back to England.